This report presents findings from an Urban Institute study of provisions of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) requiring paraprofessionals (instructional support staff) in Title 1 schools to be "highly qualified." Commissioned by Recruiting New Teachers, Inc. (RNT), and funded by the Lumina Foundation for Education, the study examined compliance with the NCLBs paraprofessional provisions, problems faced by districts whose paraprofessionals do not meet the requirements, and strategies and funding sources for compliance. Results suggest that while most jurisdictions will meet the NCLBs 2006 deadline for compliance and testing is the most widely used assessment of paraprofessional quality, compliance and strategies used to certify paraprofessional quality vary widely across states and districts.