Over the past three decades, policymakers have implemented two major redevelopment initiatives—HOPE VI and Choice Neighborhoods—to address poor conditions in the aging public housing stock. Despite largely improving the quality of public housing units, HOPE VI has a mixed track record: research shows that few original residents returned to new and refurbished developments and that thousands of deeply subsidized units were lost. We do not yet know the effectiveness of Choice Neighborhoods. This fact sheet summarizes what we have learned from both initiatives and considerations for future public housing redevelopment and preservation efforts.