In the United States as in other countries, the higher one’s income, the better one’s health. Researchers are trying to disentangle the complex causal pathways that connect income, health, education, and family and community conditions across an individual’s life course and even from one generation to the next, but there is no question that income matters greatly to health. Just as there are many pathways linking income and health, there are many policies and programs that influence and shape these pathways. In this brief we focus on the emerging evidence and prospects for income-related policies to improve population health.