This issue brief analyzes four non-mutually exclusive alternatives for meeting increases in demand for primary care prompted by coverage expansions. Institute researchers Barbara Ormond and Randall Bovbjerg conclude that educating more doctors and nurses is a logical but slow response to feared access problems. More promising for the near term is reorganizing practices to make more productive use of nurses and other more rapidly trainable clinicians and, for the longer term, transformation of medical care systems and medical education. Substantial change is needed to make primary care a more valuable resource for patients and a more attractive career for practitioners.