Indiana’s budget basics

According to the National Association of State Budget Officers (NASBO), Indiana’s total expenditures in fiscal year (FY) 2022 were $48.2 billion, including general funds, other state funds, bonds, and federal funds. NASBO reported that total expenditures across all states in FY 2022 were $2.9 trillion, ranging from $5.6 billion in Wyoming to $510.0 billion in California.

Each state allocates spending and taxes differently among different levels of governments, and local governments often administer programs with state funds, so combined state and local government data show a more complete picture of individual benefits and contributions when comparing states.

Per the US Census Bureau, Indiana’s combined state and local direct general expenditures were $62.8 billion in FY 2020 (the most recent year census data were available), or $9,256 per capita. (Census data exclude “business-like” activities such as utilities and transfers between state and local governments.) National per capita direct general expenditures were $10,540.

(Note: We cite data from both NASBO and Census to provide a broader picture of each state’s fiscal situation. However, these sources detail spending from different levels of government in different years, and the COVID-19 pandemic and the federal government’s response to it significantly affected these totals in different ways in different years. Please only use one source if you are looking for historical comparisons.)

Indiana’s largest spending areas per capita were public welfare ($2,477) and elementary and secondary education ($1,743). The Census Bureau includes most Medicaid spending in public welfare but also allocates some of it to public hospitals. Per capita spending is useful for state comparisons but is an incomplete metric because it doesn’t provide any information about a state’s demographics, policy decisions, administrative procedures, or residents’ choices.

Indiana’s combined state and local general revenues were $69.6 billion in FY 2020, or $10,258 per capita. National per capita general revenues were $10,933. Indiana uses all major state and local taxes. After federal transfers, Indiana’s largest sources of per capita revenue were charges ($1,955), such as state university tuition and highway tolls, and individual income taxes ($1,413).

Indiana’s politics

Governor Eric Holcomb, a Republican, was elected in 2020 with 57 percent of the vote. The next gubernatorial election is in 2024.

Republicans control both the House of Representatives (70 Republicans to 30 Democrats) and Senate (40 Republicans to 10 Democrats), with veto-proof majorities in both houses. Control of the governor’s mansion and each house of the legislature gives Republicans a trifecta in Indiana. All Indiana House seats are on the ballot in 2024 because representatives serve two-year terms. Senators serve four-year terms; roughly half the senatorial seats are on the ballot in 2024, and the other half will be up for election in 2026.

Indiana’s budget institutions, rules, and constraints

Indiana uses a biennial budget. The legislature is not required to pass a balanced budget, nor is the governor required to sign one, and deficits may be carried over into the following year. However, the state has budget rules that require lawmakers to balance revenues and expenditures. Indiana further limits spending growth through a statutory formula, but the spending cap may be overridden by a simple legislative majority. The state limits total authorized debt incurred by the state but not debt service.

(Note: Some states have informal budget institutions that constrain overall spending growth or a specific expenditure’s growth.)

Indiana’s current budget

Governor Holcomb released his FY 2024-2025 biennial budget proposal and gave his state of the state address in January 2023.

Indiana enacted its FY 2022-2023 biennial budget in April 2021. The enacted budget included total spending of $46.2 billion in FY 2022 and $45.9 billion in FY 2023, plus general fund appropriations of $18.5 billion for FY 2022 and $18.9 billion for FY 2023. Indiana also passed a significant tax cut in calendar year 2022 that, among other changes, reduced the state’s flat individual income tax rate from 3.23 percent to 2.9 percent (over multiple years).

Under the American Rescue Plan, Indiana will receive $3.1 billion in direct state fiscal aid and $2.2 billion in local government aid from the federal government. As of January 2022, Indiana had spent part of its ARP funds on refilling its unemployment insurance trust fund, broadband expansions, economic development, public safety, and public health programs.

According to NASBO, Indiana’s recent expenditure totals (general fund spending/total spending, including federal transfers) were:

• FY 2022: $19.6 billion/$48.2 billion
• FY 2021: $18.0 billion/$44.7 billion
• FY 2020: $16.7 billion/$37.7 billion
• FY 2019: $16.2 billion/$34.0 billion

For more on Indiana’s budget, see

• the Indiana Office of Management and Budget,
  
• Indiana’s State Budget Agency, and
  
• the Indiana Transparency Portal.

Indiana’s economic trends

Indiana’s per capita income (per the Bureau of Economic Analysis) was $57,930 in 2022, ranking 32nd among the states. It was below both the national average of $65,423 and the Great Lakes regional average of $59,346. The state’s median household income (five-year estimate) was $61,944 in 2021, ranking 35th among the states and below the national average of $69,021. Indiana’s poverty rate was 12.5 percent in 2021 (five-year estimate), below the national rate of 12.6 percent.

Although Indiana’s averages tell a story about the entire state, Indiana is composed of diverse localities. For example, the city of West Lafayette’s median household income was $28,744, and its poverty rate was 37.5 percent; the city of Zionsville’s median household income was $141,546, and its poverty rate was 4.3 percent.

Indiana’s unemployment rate historically tracks the national average.

Unemployment rates (like other economic indicators) often vary significantly by race and ethnicity. In Indiana, the average unemployment rate in 2022 was 2.8 percent for white residents, 5.6 percent for Black residents, and 4 percent for Hispanic or Latino residents.