This report addresses the question of whether access to the social welfare state and to the labor market should be rationed on the basis of citizenship in liberal democracies, and, like many potential rights, be denied to established, presumably permanent non-citizens. Policies regarding access to social benefits and the labor market in nine representative liberal industrialized democracies (the United States, Canada, Australia, Israel, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, and Britain) are examined in detail.