4.5 million Americans are under probation or parole and punishments for violations are a major driver of prison and jail populations across the country. Calls for meaningful reform are growing. This study from the Center for Court Innovation examines the impact of New York City’s early efforts to shift to a more client-centered approach to probation, including the implementation of case management informed by the Risk-Need-Responsivity model, and the establishment of neighborhood-oriented probation offices in areas with higher than average rates of probation supervision.

External Link:

https://www.courtinnovation.org/publications/probation-NYC