Expanded state and local poverty measures have been developed by New York City, New York State, the Institute for Research on Poverty, and the Urban Institute. The Stanford Center on Poverty and Inequality and the Public Policy Institute of California are developing an expanded poverty measure for California. State and local expanded poverty measures have been used to provide new insights into poverty among population subgroups and regions of the state; estimate the extent to which government benefits, taxes, and work-related and medical expenses affect poverty; and estimate the effect of potential changes in government programs.