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    <title>Urban Institute: Income and Benefits Policy</title>
    <link>http://ibp.urban.org</link>
    <description>Urban Institute reports from: Income and Benefits Policy - The Urban Institute is a nonprofit nonpartisan policy research and educational organization established to examine the social, economic, and governance problems facing the nation.</description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright 2009 Urban Institute</copyright>
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    <lastBuildDate>Sat, 21 Nov 2009 16:45:03 EST</lastBuildDate>
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	    <title>Urban Institute</title>
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	    <link>http://www.urban.org</link>
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    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Unemployment Statistics on Older Americans : Updated 11/09]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[The recession has increased joblessness among older Americans. These graphs and tables report unemployment rates and how they have varied by age, sex, race, and education since 2007.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411904&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Richard W. Johnson, Corina Mommaerts)</author>
        <pubDate>Fri, 06 Nov 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
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    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Retirement Account Balances]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[The retirement savings of American households took a big hit when the stock market crashed in 2008. Recently, however, a good portion of these losses has been reversed. This fact sheet follows trends in retirement account balances since the beginning of 2005.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411976&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Barbara Butrica, Philip Issa, Mauricio Soto)</author>
        <pubDate>Thu, 05 Nov 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411976_retirement_account_balances.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="25979" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Transitioning In and Out of Poverty]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Slightly more than half of the U.S. population experiences poverty at some time before age 65. Roughly half of those who get out of poverty will become poor again within five years. Who is more likely to enter poverty? How long are people poor? And what events are associated with falling into and climbing out of poverty? This fact sheet summarizes key findings from the poverty dynamics literature to describe how, why, and when people move in and out of poverty.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411956&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Signe-Mary McKernan, Caroline Ratcliffe, Stephanie R. Cellini)</author>
        <pubDate>Thu, 10 Sep 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411956_transitioningpoverty.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="61423" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[How Is the Financial Crisis Affecting Retirement Savings? : August 2009, Update]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[The stock market lost 56 percent of its value between September 30, 2007, and March 9, 2009. These
losses reduced the retirement savings of American households. Recently, however, a good portion of
these losses has been reversed. Equities gained 53 percent between March 9, 2009 and August 31, 2009.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=901283&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Mauricio Soto)</author>
        <pubDate>Wed, 09 Sep 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/901283_retirement_savings_update.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="56041" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Are Health Care Costs a Burden for Older Americans?]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Although Medicare covers nearly all Americans age 65 and older, premiums, cost shares, and holes in the benefit package raise concerns about seniors' ability to pay for their health care. This brief, based on newly released data, shows that Medicare Part D, introduced in 2006 to cover prescription drugs, helped reduce out-of-pocket costs. The majority of older adults devoted less than one-eighth of their incomes to health care in 2006. However, nearly half of low-income seniors spent more than 20 percent of their 2006 incomes on health care. Medical costs for seniors should figure into the health-reform debate.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411924&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Richard W. Johnson, Corina Mommaerts)</author>
        <pubDate>Fri, 24 Jul 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411924_health_care_burden.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="111207" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Revitalizing Social Security: Effectively Targeting Benefit Enhancements for Low Lifetime Earners and the Oldest Old]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[I argue that Social Security benefits for long-term, low-wage workers are modest and need to be increased. There are many ways to bolster benefits for low-income retirees, each with strengths and weaknesses, so technical details of each proposal will determine its effectiveness. Any Social Security reform package will include multiple provisions that interact with one another.  Certain provisions to help low-earners may be more or less desirable depending on a package's other components.  Finally, some low-income older and disabled Americans are beyond Social Security's reach. To help them, Congress should consider expanding the Supplemental Security Income program.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=901268&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Melissa Favreault)</author>
        <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/901268_revitalizingsocialsecurity.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="98745" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[How Will the Stock Market Collapse Affect Retirement Incomes? : Older Americans' Economic Security No. 20]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Urban Institute projections suggest the stock market collapse will have small effects on most Americans' retirement incomes. It's estimated that 37 percent of Americans born between 1941 and 1965 owned no stocks when the market crashed in 2008 and that income from assets will account for a small share of retirement income, even for those with stocks. For most retirees, Social Security provides the majority of income. Had Social Security been invested in private accounts with equities, the impact of the crash would have been much largerpositive or negative, depending on one's birth cohort and on future market performance.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411914&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Barbara Butrica, Karen E. Smith, Eric Toder)</author>
        <pubDate>Wed, 24 Jun 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411914_retirement_incomes.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="61117" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Five Questions For Sharon K. Long]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Urban Institute researcher Sharon Long answers five questions about Massachusetts's landmark health reform experiment, which aims for near-universal coverage and improved access to affordable health care. In 2006, lawmakers passed a bill that required most adults to get health insurance, expanded Medicaid, provided subsidies for lower-income adults, created a health insurance exchange where residents can buy plans easily, and required employers to offer coverage or pay a fee. Early success has made the state a model for nationwide reform.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=901259&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Sharon K. Long)</author>
        <pubDate>Mon, 15 Jun 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Extending the EITC to Noncustodial Parents:  Potential Impacts and Design Considerations]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[This paper examines the noncustodial parent earned income tax credit (NCP EITC), a new type of credit recently enacted in New York and Washington, D.C. and proposed by Senator Bayh and then-Senator Obama in 2007. The NCP EITC offers an earned income tax credit to low-income noncustodial parents who work and pay their full child support. This paper describes the rationale for this policy and provides national estimates of the benefits and costs of an NCP EITC under three alternative policy scenarios. It also discusses several key design and implementation issues.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411906&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Laura Wheaton, Elaine Sorensen)</author>
        <pubDate>Fri, 12 Jun 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411906_noncustodial_parents.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="153581" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[A Detailed Picture of Intergenerational Transmission of Human Capital]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, we consider how parental education relates to four outcomes in the children's generation: education, lifetime earnings, health, and wealth. By focusing on parents' and children's ranks, we characterize relative mobility in terms of distributions of outcomes and can see patterns that even a relatively disaggregated analysis, like a quintile-based transition matrix, can obscure. Our results show relatively high intergenerational mobility except at extremes, where very low-ranked parents are much more likely to have very low-ranked children and very high-ranked parents are much more likely to have very high-ranked children.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411889&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Austin Nichols, Melissa Favreault)</author>
        <pubDate>Fri, 22 May 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411889_intergenerational_transmission.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="371309" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Disabilities Among TANF Recipients: Evidence from the NHIS]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[This project uses data from the 2005/2006 National Health Interview Survey to provide a profile of the prevalence of different types of disability and employment among TANF recipients. We find that prevalence of disability varies widely depending on the specific measure used. Using narrow and broad composite disability measures, anywhere from 10 to 40 percent of TANF recipients have a disability and almost one-fifth have a family member with a disability. Disability prevalence among Food Stamp recipients is similar to TANF but low-income mothers have lower prevalence on almost all measures.  Employment among TANF recipients with disabilities is considerably lower than among recipients without disabilities.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411883&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Pamela J. Loprest, Elaine Maag)</author>
        <pubDate>Thu, 14 May 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411883_disabilitiesamongtanf.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="142200" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[How Is the Financial Crisis Affecting Retirement Savings? : May 2009, Update]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[The stock market gained 35 percent between March 9, 2009 and May 5, 2009. For those who held on to their equities, these gains reversed some of the massive losses experienced since September 2007. This fact sheet examines the impact of the ongoing economic turmoil on older households and presents estimates of the retirement account losses to date.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411880&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Mauricio Soto)</author>
        <pubDate>Thu, 14 May 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411880_retirement_savings.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="55186" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[What the 2008 Stock Market Crash Means for Retirement Security]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[The one-third drop in the S&P 500 index between year-end 2007 and 2008 raises concerns about
retirement security since Americans now hold more equities through their retirement plans.
Those near retirement will fare the worst because they have no time to recoup their losses. Midcareer
workers will fare better because they have more time to rebuild their wealth. They may
even gain income if they buy stocks at low prices and get above-average rates of return. High-income
groups will be the most affected because they are most likely to have financial assets and
to be invested in the stock market.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411876&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Barbara Butrica, Karen E. Smith, Eric Toder)</author>
        <pubDate>Wed, 13 May 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411876_2008stockmarketcrash.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="353177" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Securing Social Security: Lessons for the Next Debate]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[This commentary suggests ways of making the upcoming debate on Social Security reform more productive than some past efforts. Participants must be open to a range of solutions, financing must be transparent, and effects on disabled workers must be addressed.  Reform efforts must acknowledge the changing economic environment, including increasing wage inequality, and shifting individual and family demographics. Guaranteed inflation-protected benefits are crucial, and the sacrifices necessary to balance the system should be shared across generations.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=901251&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Melissa Favreault)</author>
        <pubDate>Fri, 08 May 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/901251_securingsocialsec.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="23516" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Rising Tides and Retirement: The Aggregate and Distributional Effects of Differential Wage Growth on Social Security]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Recent growth in wage inequality has important implications for Social Security solvency and benefit distributions. Because only earnings below the taxable maximum are subject to payroll taxes, concentrated wage growth among higher earners generates less revenue than more evenly distributed growth.  Social Security's progressive benefit formula increases benefit payouts when shares of workers with low wages grow. We use a dynamic microsimulation model to examine aggregate and distributional consequences of alternative scenarios about future wage growth.  We find that relatively modest changes in assumptions about wage differentials generate marked changes in projected Social Security benefits, poverty, and long-term financing status.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411872&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Melissa Favreault)</author>
        <pubDate>Thu, 16 Apr 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411872_risingtidesandretirement.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="189856" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[The Impact of Changing Earnings Volatility on Retirement Wealth]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Over the past several decades, the volatility of family income has increased markedly, and own earnings volatility has remained relatively flat. Volatility may affect retirement wealth, depending on whether volatility affects accrued pension contributions or withdrawals or earnings credited toward future Social Security benefits. This project assesses the effect of the volatility of individual and family earnings on asset accumulation and projected retirement wealth using survey data matched to administrative earnings records.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411873&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Austin Nichols, Melissa Favreault)</author>
        <pubDate>Thu, 16 Apr 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411873_impactofchangingearnings.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="454126" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Strengthening Families Through Stronger Fathers Initiative: Lessons from the First Year of the Evaluation]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[In 2006, New York became the first state in the country to enact legislation that consists of two innovative policies that are designed to help low-income noncustodial parents (mostly fathers) find work and pay the full amount of their current child support called the Strengthening Families Through Stronger Fathers Initiative. This report describes this initiative and gives detailed information about the five pilot sites that are providing employment services to low-income noncustodial parents in the following New York communities: Buffalo, Jamestown, New York City and Syracuse. It is the first of several reports that will describe this initiative and its results over the next two years.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411870&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Elaine Sorensen, Carolyn T. O&apos;Brien, Ronald B. Mincy)</author>
        <pubDate>Thu, 09 Apr 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411870_strengtheningfamilies.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="643706" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Do Health Problems Reduce Consumption at Older Ages?]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[High out-of-pocket health care costs may have serious repercussions for older people and their families. This paper examines the impact of health problems at older ages on out-of-pocket health care spending and other types of expenditures. The results show that medical conditions increase health spending, particularly for households ages 51 to 64, but do not generally reduce nonhealth spending. Health conditions do, however, reduce nonhealth spending for low-income households ages 51 to 64, suggesting that holes in the health safety net before the Medicare eligibility age force some low-income people to lower their living standards to cover medical expenses.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411858&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Barbara Butrica, Richard W. Johnson, Gordon Mermin)</author>
        <pubDate>Fri, 27 Mar 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411858_reduce_consumption.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="361214" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[A New Minimum Benefit for Low Lifetime Earners]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Despite working hard and playing by the rules over long periods, many workers end up poor in retirement. We propose an enhanced minimum benefit for Social Security that targets long-career workers with low lifetime earnings along with a modest credit that compensates workers for up to three years out of the labor market due to caregiving, unemployment, or poor health. By combining these elements, the proposal provides work incentives, yet recognizes realities facing low-wage workers, many of whom have had intermittent work careers.  We show that these proposed enhancements would allow more adults to retire with a secure financial foothold.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411853&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Melissa Favreault)</author>
        <pubDate>Tue, 24 Mar 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411853_anewminimumbenefit.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="157317" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Financial Hardship before and after Social Security's Eligibility Age]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Although poverty rates for Americans age 65 and older have plunged over the past half century, many people continue to fall into poverty as they approach 62, Social Security's early eligibility age. Among those who did not complete high school, hardship rates increase from 23 percent at age 52 to 54 to 31 percent at age 60 to 61, a relative increase of 36 percent. Hardship rates decline after age 62, when most people qualify for Social Security. These findings highlight the fragility of the income support system for Americans in their fifties and early sixties.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411854&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Richard W. Johnson, Gordon Mermin)</author>
        <pubDate>Tue, 24 Mar 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411854financialhardshipbeforeandafterss.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="190062" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Comparisons of MINT 2003 and 2004 Projections with Survey Data]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[This report compares projections of income and assets from the Model of Income in the Near Term (MINT) with data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), the Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF), and the Current Population Survey (CPS).  The comparison reveals a fair amount of variability in population characteristics and reported income and assets among these data files. There is no "right" answer, but rather a range of possible answers. For most statistics we compare, MINT's projected values fall between the highest and lowest values among the survey data.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411850&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Karen E. Smith, Katherine  Michelmore, Eric Toder)</author>
        <pubDate>Thu, 19 Mar 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411850_comparisonsofmint.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="1325546" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[How Is the Financial Crisis Affecting Retirement Savings?]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[The stock market lost 56 percent of its value between September 30, 2007 and March 6, 2009, a roughly $13 trillion drop. The loss has reduced the retirement savings of many Americans, particularly older adults. This fact sheet examines the impact of the ongoing economic turmoil on older households and presents estimates of the retirement account losses to date.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411847&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Mauricio Soto)</author>
        <pubDate>Fri, 13 Mar 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411847_update-3-09-2009-pr.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="60116" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Unemployment Rate Hits All-Time High for Adults Age 65 and Older]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[The unemployment rate for adults age 65 and older reached 6.8 percent in February 2009, the highest level recorded since the federal government began computing reliable unemployment rates in 1948. Senior unemployment rates were particularly high among African Americans, Hispanics, those who did not complete high school, and those in the construction, manufacturing, and leisure and hospitality industries.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411846&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Richard W. Johnson, Corina Mommaerts)</author>
        <pubDate>Thu, 12 Mar 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411846_recessionandolderworkersfactsheetmarch2009.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="44036" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Promoting Economic Security at Older Ages through Workforce Development : Written Testimony to the Senate Special Committee on Aging U.S. Congress]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[The 2008-2009 collapse in the stock market wiped out trillions of dollars in retirement account wealth and forced millions of boomers to rethink their retirement plans. Working longer is commonly seen as the key solution to the retirement financing dilemma. However, poor job prospects prevent many older people with limited education from working into later life. This testimony for the Senate Special Committee on Aging argues that Congress could improve the economic security of these older adults in retirement and in the years leading up to retirement by increasing government-funded employment and training services.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=901239&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Richard W. Johnson)</author>
        <pubDate>Fri, 27 Feb 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/901239_Johnson_workforce_development.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="41210" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[It's Not Easy Being Gray: The New Rules of Retirement]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Older Americans face an uncertain retirement future. Policies are urgently needed to shore up Social Security and Medicare, get health care spending under control, and make staying in the labor force at older ages easier, while still protecting disabled workers. This policy brief summarizes a wide-ranging discussion of retirement issues to explore how public policies might adapt to an aging population.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411840&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( The Urban Institute)</author>
        <pubDate>Tue, 17 Feb 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
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    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Job Differences by Race and Ethnicity in the Low-Skill Job Market : Brief No. 4]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[This brief uses data from the 2007 Survey of Employers in the Low-Skill Labor Market to examine differences in the noncollege jobs held by workers of different races and ethnicities and the impact of these differences on wage rates.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411841&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Gregory Acs, Pamela J. Loprest)</author>
        <pubDate>Tue, 17 Feb 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411841_race_ethnicity_job_market.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="78460" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[The Economic Recovery Package Will Help Poor Older Adults, but More Could Be Done]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Older adults often are left out of policy conversations on poverty because many believe that relatively few of them experience economic hardship. Yet an updated measure of poverty indicates that the rate for adults ages 65 and older matches the rate for children. The Economic Recovery package under consideration includes some provisions that would benefit older adults, but more could be done. One-time payments for those receiving welfare and increases in food assistance benefits especially would help some poor older adults. Investments in the job skills of those who want to work should also be considered.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=901221&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Sheila R. Zedlewski)</author>
        <pubDate>Thu, 12 Feb 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/901221_economic_recovery_package.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="43945" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Unemployment Rate Soars for Older Men with Limited Education]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[As the recession enters its 15th month, job losses continue to accelerate. The downturn has not spared older workers. The January 2009 unemployment rate reached 6.0 percent at age 55 to 64 and 5.7 percent at age 65 and older. Hispanic men, older men working in construction and manufacturing, and those with limited education have been hit hardest.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=901223&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Richard W. Johnson, Corina Mommaerts)</author>
        <pubDate>Thu, 12 Feb 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/901223_unemployment_rates.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="49421" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Examining Child Support Arrears in California: The Collectibility Study]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[This report was prepared in response to a mandate from the California State Legislature to analyze how much of the $14.4 billion in child support arrears owed statewide in March 2000 was realistically collectible. Child support arrears had grown dramatically in California during the prior decade and state legislators were concerned about their collectibility. The Urban Institute estimated that $3.8 billion, or 26% of the $14.4 billion, would be collected over 10 years. The reason that so little arrears are likely to be collected is that most of the arrears are owed by individuals who owe more than $20,000 in arrears and have relatively low incomes.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411838&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Elaine Sorensen, Heather L. Koball, Kate Pomper, Chava Zibman)</author>
        <pubDate>Thu, 12 Feb 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411838_california_child_support.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="553263" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[The Disappearing Defined Benefit Pension and Its Potential Impact on the Retirement Incomes of Boomers]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Over the last three decades there has been a steady shift from DB to DC pensions. The Pension Protection Act of 2006 may accelerate this trend. This paper examines the impact of an accelerated freeze on the retirement income of boomers. Simulations suggest that such a scenario would produce more losers than winners and reduce average retirement incomes. Income changes will be substantial among high-income workers, who have the highest DB coverage and pension incomes. Late boomers will experience the largest impacts, as they lose their high DB accrual years and have inadequate time to accumulate DC wealth before retirement.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411831&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Barbara Butrica, Howard Iams, Karen E. Smith, Eric Toder)</author>
        <pubDate>Mon, 02 Feb 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Preventing Child Support Arrears in Texas by Improving Front-end Processes]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[In 2003, the Texas Office of Attorney General fundamentally altered the process of establishing child support orders, going from a highly judicial process of establishing orders to a process that establishes most orders administratively. It also substantially improved the issuance of income withholding orders. This report describes the implementation of these reforms and measures their impact. It finds that, after the reforms were implemented, the amount of time it takes to establish child support orders and income withholding orders on newly opened cases declined significantly and the amount of arrears assessed on newly established orders declined significantly, suggesting a highly successful initiative.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411829&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Elaine Sorensen, Tess Tannehill)</author>
        <pubDate>Wed, 28 Jan 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411829_child_support_arrears.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="434868" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Assessing Child Support Arrears in Nine Large States and the Nation]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[In September 2007, child support arrears had reached $107 billion. The purpose of this report is to provide information about the individuals who owe child support arrears, estimate how much arrears are likely to be collected, and identify the factors that have led to their rapid growth. We find that most arrears are owed by noncustodial parents who have no or low reported incomes. We estimate that 40 percent of arrears in seven large states are likely to be collected over 10 years. The primary reason arrears have grown is because many states have begun to assess interest on arrears.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=1001242&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Elaine Sorensen, Liliana Sousa, Simone G. Schaner)</author>
        <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jan 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/1001242_child_support_arrears.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="747660" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Senior Unemployment Rate Hits 31-Year High]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Unlike most previous recessions, the current economic slowdown has substantially increased the unemployment rate for older Americans. In December 2008, 5.1 percent of workers age 65 and older were unemployed, a higher share than at any time since March 1977. This factsheet provides the latest information on the employment situation of older Americans.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=901210&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Richard W. Johnson)</author>
        <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jan 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/901210_senior_unemployment_rates.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="55160" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Unemployment and Income in a Recession : Recession and Recovery, No. 1]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[This brief, part of the Urban Institute's "Recession and Recover" series, assesses how unemployment and household income changes as the economy moves through a recession and into recovery.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411807&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Gregory Acs)</author>
        <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2008 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411807_unemployment_and_income.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="179786" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[The Role of Welfare during a Recession : Recession and Recovery, No. 3]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[This brief, part of the Urban Institute's "Recession and Recover" series, examines how the TANF program (formerly AFDC) responds during a recession and how that response may differ in the current recession from its response in the past.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411809&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Sheila R. Zedlewski)</author>
        <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2008 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411809_role_of_welfare.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="182384" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[SNAP and the Recession : Recession and Recovery, No. 4]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[This brief, part of the Urban Institute's "Recession and Recover" series, examines how the SNAP program (formerly food stamps) responds during a recession and how that response may differ in the current recession from its response in the past.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411810&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Kenneth Finegold)</author>
        <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2008 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411810_SNAP_and_the_recession.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="187582" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[The Recession and the Earned Income Tax Credit : Recession and Recovery, No. 5]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[This brief, part of the Urban Institute's "Recession and Recover" series, assesses the extent to which the Earned Income Tax Credit can help families hit by job losses and falling incomes during a recession.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411811&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Roberton Williams, Elaine Maag)</author>
        <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2008 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411811_recession_and_EITC.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="185746" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[How Is the Recession Affecting Older Workers?]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[With nearly 300,000 Americans age 65 and older out of work, the recession is hitting older workers hard. Old-age unemployment rates are increasing more rapidly than in most previous downturns. This fact sheet provides the latest numbers on the employment situation for older Americans.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411804&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Richard W. Johnson)</author>
        <pubDate>Wed, 17 Dec 2008 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411804_recession_affects.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="54426" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Diversity in Retirement Wealth Accumulation]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Americans save for retirement by building wealth in personal accounts, home equity, pension plans, retirement accounts and Social Security. We use data from the Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) and methods to estimate the wealth values of Social Security and pension plans to show how wealth builds over the life cycle. We find that the typical household accrues wealth throughout the life cycle. Households in the bottom income quintile, those that did not complete high school and minorities accumulate much less wealth than their counterparts, and Social Security accounts for a large share of their preretirement wealth.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411805&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Gordon Mermin, Desmond Toohey, Sheila R. Zedlewski)</author>
        <pubDate>Wed, 17 Dec 2008 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411805_retirement_wealth_accumulation.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="191463" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Five Questions for Jeffrey Rohaly]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[During the 2008 presidential campaign, the Tax Policy Center (TPC) used its state-of-the-art microsimulation model to produce the only comprehensive and objective analysis of the candidates' tax plans. The study revealed each plans effects on economic growth, the national debt, and families tax burdens. TPC's conclusions were cited hundreds of times in print and broadcast news, by numerous research and advocacy organizations, and by the candidates themselves. Jeffrey Rohaly, TPC's director of tax modeling, deciphers the tax model underpinning this and other TPC analyses.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=901219&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Jeff Rohaly)</author>
        <pubDate>Mon, 15 Dec 2008 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Older Workers and the Recession]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[For older workers, this recession is unprecedented. Retirement expert Richard Johnson explains why and what should be done to cushion its impact on seniors who want to work.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=901205&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Richard W. Johnson)</author>
        <pubDate>Wed, 10 Dec 2008 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[How Is the Financial Crisis Affecting Retirement Savings?]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[The stock market lost 47 percent of its value between September 30, 2007 and December 2, 2008, a roughly $11 trillion drop. The loss has reduced the retirement savings of many Americans, particularly older adults. This fact sheet examines the impact of the ongoing economic turmoil on older households and presents estimates of the retirement account losses to date.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=901206&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Mauricio Soto)</author>
        <pubDate>Wed, 10 Dec 2008 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/901206_retirement_savings.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="60087" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Entry-Level and Next-Step Jobs in the Low-Skill Job Market : Brief No. 1]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[This brief uses data from the 2007 Survey of Employers in the Low-Skill Labor Market to explore differences between noncollege jobs that have few if any requirements and those for which either a high school degree, prior experience, or previous skills training is extremely important.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411801&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Gregory Acs, Pamela J. Loprest)</author>
        <pubDate>Thu, 04 Dec 2008 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411801_low-skill_job_market.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="77560" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Low-Skill Jobs, Work Hours, and Paid Time Off : Brief No. 2]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[This brief uses data from the 2007 Survey of Employers in the Low-Skill Labor Market to examine the scheduling demands employers place on workers recently hired to fill noncollege jobs and to assess the availability of paid time off, sick leave and other benefits that help workers balance their work and family lives.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411802&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Gregory Acs, Pamela J. Loprest)</author>
        <pubDate>Thu, 04 Dec 2008 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411802_work_hours_pto.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="73261" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Job Placement Agencies and the Low-Skill Labor Market : Brief No. 3]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[This brief uses data from the 2007 Survey of Employers in the Low-Skill Labor Market to describe the role job placement agencies play in helping employers fill noncollege jobs.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411803&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Gregory Acs, Pamela J. Loprest)</author>
        <pubDate>Thu, 04 Dec 2008 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411803_job_placement_agencies.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="71032" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Trends in Income Inequality, Volatility, and Mobility Risk]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[A unified measure of inequality, volatility, and mobility risk is developed from well-known decompositions of a generalized entropy inequality measure using panel data. Variation across individuals in mean family income is termed inequality, and the variability of income over time is decomposed into volatility and mobility risk. I apply the decompositions to several decades of U.S. data and find every component increasing over time, and a large impact of taxes. I further find large swings in the progressivity of income growth after taxes that are not observed in pretax income, consistent with the known tax regimes in recent U.S. history.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411799&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Austin Nichols)</author>
        <pubDate>Wed, 26 Nov 2008 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411799_income_trends.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="269701" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Are Baby Boomers Saving Enough for Their Retirement?]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[This paper estimates the ratio of post- to pre-retirement consumption to explore how well boomers are prepared for retirement. I show that some of the poorest households are best prepared because they can maintain consumption by relying almost solely on Social Security while many of the most affluent households are poorly prepared because they will experience a decline in consumption upon retiring. Nonetheless, affluent households will be able to maintain a consumption level many times that of poor households. The paper discusses whether equalization of pre- and post-retirement consumption provides a useful adequacy yardstick at all income levels.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411794&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Rudolph G. Penner)</author>
        <pubDate>Thu, 20 Nov 2008 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411794_baby_boomers_saving.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="316170" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[U.S. Intragenerational Economic Mobility From 1984 to 2004 : Trends and Implications]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[This report explores how Americans have moved up and down the income ladder over the last two decades, and whether it has been more difficult for Americans to get and stay ahead in the last decade. The report focuses on intragenerational mobility: how individuals change economic positions within their own lifetimes.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=1001226&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Gregory Acs, Seth Zimmerman)</author>
        <pubDate>Mon, 17 Nov 2008 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/1001226_intragenerational_economic_mobility.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="497178" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Three Considerations for Children's Savings Accounts]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[A primary goal of children's savings accounts (CSAs) is to provide children, especially in low-income families, a strong economic footing. The ability to do that, however, depends on how CSAs are designed and how much families contribute. This study uses projections from the Urban Institute's DYNASIM model to estimate the wealth building impact of CSAs under alternative scenarios that vary the design features. The results highlight three points relevant for any asset-building proposal or program: incentives make a difference, targeting can be difficult, and nontaxability matters for all subsidies.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411792&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Barbara Butrica)</author>
        <pubDate>Thu, 13 Nov 2008 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411792_childrens_savings_considerations.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="60901" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[What Can We Expect from Children's Savings Accounts?]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Children's savings accounts (CSAs) are being promoted to improve financial literacy, increase the number of low- to moderate-income households that are banked, and encourage saving for education, homeownership, or retirement. This study uses projections from the Urban Institute's DYNASIM model to estimate the wealth building impact of CSAs. The results suggest that most CSAs will have small balances after accounting for inflation. Still, such accounts could help get children, particularly those in low-income families, into financial instruments that demonstrate the value of saving and of compound interest.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411793&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Barbara Butrica)</author>
        <pubDate>Thu, 13 Nov 2008 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411793_childrens_savings_expectations.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="215176" />
		
    </item>

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