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    <title>Urban Institute: Income and Benefits Policy</title>
    <link>http://ibp.urban.org</link>
    <description>Urban Institute reports from: Income and Benefits Policy - The Urban Institute is a nonprofit nonpartisan policy research and educational organization established to examine the social, economic, and governance problems facing the nation.</description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright 2010 Urban Institute</copyright>
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    <lastBuildDate>Thu, 23 Sep 2010 16:45:03 EST</lastBuildDate>
    <image>
	    <title>Urban Institute</title>
	    <url>http://www.urban.org/images/UI_logo_29x29.jpg</url>
		<width>29</width>
		<height>29</height>
	    <link>http://www.urban.org</link>
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    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Help Children Born into Poverty]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[In this commentary for Spotlight on Poverty, the authors address the issue that poverty often starts at birth, leading to unstable housing, schooling, and nutrition. As young adults, these children are more likely to drop out of school, have a child as a teen, and be underemployed. Taking action before the consequences of poverty accumulate is imperative. Health reform provides an opportunity for hospitals to connect poor families to insurance when a child is born. The United States can invest in poor children through social services as we invest in higher-income children through tax subsidies for homeownership and college.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=901380&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Caroline Ratcliffe, Signe-Mary McKernan)</author>
        <pubDate>Thu, 16 Sep 2010 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Poverty in the United States, September 16, 2010]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[The U.S. Census Bureau has announced that the poverty rate jumped to 14.3 percent in 2009, up from 13.2 percent in 2008. This 15-year high still understates the dire straits of many Americans today.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=412219&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Austin Nichols)</author>
        <pubDate>Thu, 16 Sep 2010 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412219-Poverty-in-US.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="38241" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Unemployment Statistics on Older Americans : Updated 9/3]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[The recession has increased joblessness among older Americans. These graphs and tables report unemployment rates and how they have varied by age, sex, race, and education since 2007.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411904&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Richard W. Johnson, Corina Mommaerts)</author>
        <pubDate>Fri, 03 Sep 2010 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411904_unemploymentstatistics.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="48068" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Retirement and Social Security: A Time Series Approach Based on Remaining Life Expectancy]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Traditional analyses of retirement decisions focus on the age, from birth, of the individual making choices about how much to work, consume, and save for old age. However, remaining life expectancy is arguably a better way of examining these issues. As mortality rates decline, people at a given age now have more remaining years of life expectancy than they did in the past. If participation rates at older ages remain constant (or decline), then average time spent in retirement will increase. Additionally, because health status and mortality are positively correlated, adults with more expected years of life are generally in better health (and better able to work) than those with fewer years of remaining life. This paper examines labor force participation rates of older workers considering both chronological age and remaining life expectancy.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=412201&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Brendan Cushing-Daniels, C. Eugene Steuerle)</author>
        <pubDate>Fri, 27 Aug 2010 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412201-retirement-and-social-security.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="214133" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Work and Retirement Patterns for the G.I. Generation, Silent Generation, and Early Boomers: Thirty Years of Change]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[This study comparing retirement patterns over the past 30 years finds that older adults are now working longer and taking more complex routes out of the labor force. More than 40 percent of men born 1943 to 1947 did not retire by age 65, compared with only 20 percent of those born 1933 to 1937. Men and women born 1933 to 1937 were much more likely than those born 20 years earlier to move to part-time work at older ages and return to work after retiring instead of following the traditional route of retiring only once directly from full-time employment.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=412175&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Richard W. Johnson, Barbara Butrica, Corina Mommaerts)</author>
        <pubDate>Mon, 02 Aug 2010 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412175-work-and-retirement.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="516178" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Adjusting Social Security Benefits for Changes in the Cost of Living]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[This brief examines different price indices that might be used to adjust Social Security benefits for changes in the cost of living.  The currently used consumer price index for wage and clerical workers (CPI-W) is probably biased upward.  A new experimental "chain" index removes some of the upward bias and therefore rises more slowly. Using it would help solve some of Social Security's long-run financial problems.  Another candidate is an experimental index designed to reflect the purchases of the elderly.  Largely because it heavily weights health costs, it is likely to rise faster than the CPI-W.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=412168&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Rudolph G. Penner)</author>
        <pubDate>Mon, 26 Jul 2010 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412168-adjusting-social-security.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="3395295" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Workers with Low Social Security Benefits: Implications for Reform]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Low Social Security benefits are strongly related to individual characteristics and earnings histories. These associations suggest ways of shoring up Social Security and adopting other policies to help low-wage, low-skilled workers achieve more labor market success and greater retirement security.  Social Security enhancements to aid beneficiaries with intermittent histories include caregiver credits or a minimum benefit that integrates caregiving, unemployment, and disability credits.  To meet long-term, low-wage workers' needs, policymakers could adjust Social Security's bend points or replacement percentages; create a new minimum benefit; or adjust current law's special minimum benefit so it provides support greater than the poverty level.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=412169&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Melissa M. Favreault)</author>
        <pubDate>Mon, 26 Jul 2010 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412169-workers-low-social-security.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="97680" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Why Do Some Workers Have Low Social Security Benefits?]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[We use data from the Health and Retirement Study linked to administrative data on earnings and benefits to determine why some workers end up with low Social Security benefits in retirement. Several characteristics are associated with family benefits of less than poverty. Racial disparities are pronounced. Women's risk is marked, especially for unmarried women, with caregiving an important contributor to low-benefit risk. Less-educated workers are also vulnerable, sometimes even when they have worked long careers. Workers with health problems and disabled workers-especially those disabled early in the career-are comparatively likely to have family benefits of less than poverty.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=412170&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Melissa M. Favreault)</author>
        <pubDate>Mon, 26 Jul 2010 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412170-low-benefits.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="336273" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Older Workers: Opportunities and Challenges]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Improved health, educational gains, and declines in physically demanding work have improved employment prospects at older ages, yet significant challenges remain. This fact sheet reports key data points on older Americans' labor force participation, employment, unemployment, and related factors.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=412166&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Richard W. Johnson)</author>
        <pubDate>Thu, 22 Jul 2010 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412166-older-workers.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="32019" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Raising Social Security's Retirement Age]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Increasing Social Security's retirement age would promote work at older ages, improve the system's solvency by shortening retirements and reducing lifetime benefits, and better target benefits to the oldest Americans. It could, however, create hardship for workers with health problems unless Congress improves the disability safety net. This fact sheet reports key data points in the arguments for and against increasing the retirement age.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=412167&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Melissa M. Favreault, Richard W. Johnson)</author>
        <pubDate>Thu, 22 Jul 2010 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412167-Raising-Social-Security.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="40844" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Strengthening Families Through Stronger Fathers Initiative: Process Evaluation Report]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[New York conducted a three-year pilot project (2006-2009) in five locations to help unemployed parents without custody of their children find work called the Strengthening Families Through Stronger Fathers Initiative. This report describes the implementation of this initiative and discusses challenges encountered and lessons learned. While all programs used a case management model to deliver employment and supportive services, the intensity of those services, the linkages to the child support program, the recruitment strategies, and the organizational structure of the programs varied. Despite these variations, programs successfully recruited and served a large number of participants, avoiding some of the challenges experienced by earlier fatherhood programs.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=1001412&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Tess Tannehill, Carolyn T. O&apos;Brien, Elaine Sorensen)</author>
        <pubDate>Mon, 19 Jul 2010 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/1001412-stronger-fathers-initiative.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="1688330" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Lifetime Earnings Patterns, the Distribution of Future Social Security Benefits, and the Impact of Pension Reform]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[This paper describes an analysis of career earnings patterns developed for predicting the impact of Social Security reform. We produce estimates of age-earnings profiles of American men and women born between 1931 and 1960, obtained from Social Security earnings records. We forecast future individual earnings and estimate the shape and prevalence of nine stylized earnings patterns of U.S. workers. This approach is better than the traditional approach of examining a small number of representative workers who are assumed to have steady earnings throughout their careers, because few workers have level career earnings.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=412137&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Barry Bosworth, Gary Burtless, C. Eugene Steuerle)</author>
        <pubDate>Mon, 12 Jul 2010 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412137-lifetime-earnings.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="196739" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Retirement Account Balances (Updated 7/10)]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[The retirement savings of American households took a big hit when the stock market crashed in 2008. Recently, however, a good portion of these losses has been reversed. This fact sheet follows trends in retirement account balances since the beginning of 2005.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411976&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Barbara Butrica, Philip Issa)</author>
        <pubDate>Tue, 06 Jul 2010 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411976_retirement_account_balances.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="26190" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[New York Noncustodial Parent EITC: : Implementation and First-Year Findings]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Many parents without custody of their children work and pay their full child support
despite their meager incomes. In 2006, the New York State Legislature enacted a new
tax credit to help these parents make ends meet as they pay their child support in full.
Although the tax credit was successfully implemented in 2006, only 5,280 noncustodial
parents received the tax credit that year. This report identifies three reasons for this
result. It also describes how the law was implemented and the challenges that were
encountered during implementation. It concludes by examining who might be motivated
by the tax credit to pay their full child support.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=412125&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Elaine Sorensen)</author>
        <pubDate>Wed, 30 Jun 2010 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412125-new-york-noncustodial-parent.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="122287" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Differentials in Employer-Sponsored Pensions : Before the ERISA Advisory Council, U.S. Department of Labor]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[The best approaches to narrowing racial, ethnic, and gender differentials in retirement wealth are outside the current employer-sponsored pension system, Barbara Butrica and Richard Johnson told the U.S. Department of Labor's ERISA Advisory Council. These tactics include automatic IRAs for employees, efforts to raise wages earned by blacks and Hispanics, more federal funding for training and workforce development, better educational opportunities for future workers, and more financial education for workers and students. Protecting Social Security for low-income seniors is also crucial. Their testimony presents detailed information about differences in pension coverage and wealth.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=901357&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Barbara Butrica, Richard W. Johnson)</author>
        <pubDate>Wed, 30 Jun 2010 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/901357-racial-ethnic-gender-differentials.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="66010" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Health Insurance Benefits Protection for Employees with Disabilities : The Role of the Family and Medical Leave Act]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Workers experiencing serious health problems that temporarily make continuing work difficult face not only loss of earnings, but potentially loss of health insurance coverage.  The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), passed in 1993, helps to mitigate these losses by mandating employers provide temporary unpaid leave, continuation of health benefits during the leave, and the right to return to work in the same or similar job for eligible workers. This paper reviews earlier research with respect to how important a role health insurance continuation under the FMLA is for employees with disabilities.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=412123&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Pamela J. Loprest, Elaine Maag)</author>
        <pubDate>Tue, 29 Jun 2010 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412123-family-medical-leave-act.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="65811" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Understanding Early Withdrawals from Retirement Accounts]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Less-advantaged individuals are less likely to have IRAs and 401(k)s, and those who do are more likely to withdraw savings before retirement. About 40 percent of withdrawals can be linked to adverse or investment events, including the onset of poor health, job loss, home purchases, and college expenses. Another 10 percent occur at job change for what may be reasonable expenses. Half of withdrawals can not be attributed to the events we could observe and may represent unnecessary loss of retirement savings. The results show the importance of policies that preserve retirement savings and increase savings for non-retirement events.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=412107&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Barbara Butrica, Sheila R. Zedlewski, Philip Issa)</author>
        <pubDate>Wed, 09 Jun 2010 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412107-early-withdrawals.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="320990" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Are Early Withdrawals from Retirement Accounts a Problem?]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Both adverse and investment events can trigger early withdrawals from retirement accounts. About 40 percent of retirement savings losses can be linked to these types of events, which include unemployment, the onset of poor health, primary home purchases, and college expenses. Unfortunately, lower-income families less often have retirement savings and more often tap into these savings when faced with life-changing events. The results call for an integrated savings policy that encourages savings for both pre-retirement and retirement needs.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=412108&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Barbara Butrica, Sheila R. Zedlewski, Philip Issa)</author>
        <pubDate>Wed, 09 Jun 2010 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412108-early-withdrawals-problem.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="87339" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Distributional Effects of Alternative Social Security Reforms: Details Matter]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Social Security's current path is unsustainable. With average life spans increasing, the working-age population is not growing fast enough to support the growing number of retirees at current benefit levels and tax rates. Benefit cuts, revenue enhancements, or some combination could return the system to balance. The arithmetic is fairly straightforward, but impacts on workers and retirees depend crucially on design details. Using a microsimulation model, we show distributional effects of illustrative benefit-cut and revenue-enhancement options on retirees. Results show that impacts differ greatly for workers in different generations and age groups and with different lifetime earnings.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=412102&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( The Retirement Policy Program)</author>
        <pubDate>Wed, 02 Jun 2010 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412102-distribution-effects.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="122536" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Social Security and the Budget]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[In contrast to rising health care and interests costs,  Social Security's growing benefits relative to taxes received represent only a  modest part of the nation's major fiscal problems. Nonetheless, Social Security  serves as the flagship of social welfare policy, and it places increasing  demands on the economy as annual benefits grow, life expectancies increase, and  the baby boomers retire. Social Security reform, moreover, has far-reaching implications.  Done the right way, it can generate higher national output, personal income, and  revenues for Social Security and other purposes-helping the nation achieve budget  sustainability and a stronger Social Security system.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=412095&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( C. Eugene Steuerle, Stephanie Rennane)</author>
        <pubDate>Wed, 19 May 2010 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412095-social-security-budget.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="596917" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[How Quickly Do Older Adults Spend Their Wealth?]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Although the shift from defined benefit pension plans to defined contribution plans raises concerns that some retirees may outlive their assets, most spend their wealth cautiously. High income retirees continue to accumulate wealth until age 85. Net worth for middle-income retirees begins declining after age 70, but only very slowly. Low-income retirees never accumulate much wealth and spend their limited assets quickly, however, leaving most dependent on Social Security.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=412077&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Rudolph G. Penner, Karen E. Smith)</author>
        <pubDate>Thu, 22 Apr 2010 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412077_older_adults_weath.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="49974" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[How Did Older Workers Fare in 2009?]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[The 2009 economic downturn that pushed up unemployment rates did not spare older workers. Unemployment rates reached record highs in 2009 for men and women age 55 and older. Older African Americans, Hispanics, and adults with limited education were especially likely to find themselves unemployed. Older adults who lost their jobs spent more time out of work than their younger counterparts. There were some encouraging developments, however. Employment rates for adults age 62 and older did not fall because many older workers stayed in the labor force, and earnings for full-time workers age 65 and older grew substantially.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=412039&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Richard W. Johnson, Corina Mommaerts)</author>
        <pubDate>Wed, 03 Mar 2010 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412039_older_workers.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="188386" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Tribal Food Assistance : A Comparison of the Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) provides low-income households with electronic benefits to purchase food in grocery stores. People residing on Indian reservations, and households with American Indians and Alaska Natives residing near reservations, or in certain areas of Oklahoma, may have a food assistance option besides SNAP-the Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations (FDPIR), which provides a monthly package of commodities. This report combines findings from site visits to seven reservations that participate in FDPIR with analysis of administrative and survey data to compare the two programs with regard to eligibility, participation, administration, and possible effects on health.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=412034&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Kenneth Finegold, Nancy M. Pindus, Diane K. Levy, Tess Tannehill, Walter Hillabrant)</author>
        <pubDate>Tue, 23 Feb 2010 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412034_tribal_food_assistance.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="2819490" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Economic Modeling of Child Poverty and Prevention Council Initiatives : Final Report]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[This report presents estimates of the potential effects of numerous proposals designed to reduce child poverty in the state of Connecticut (CT).  The results show the effects of initiatives to increase adult education, expand and improve the safety net, and strengthen families through increased child support and post-welfare case management. The results show the effects using two measures of poverty (the official measure and a modernized measure that includes all family resources and updated poverty thresholds) as well as the sensitivity to assumptions about the effects of initiatives on employment and earnings.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=412027&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Linda Giannarelli, Sheila R. Zedlewski)</author>
        <pubDate>Fri, 19 Feb 2010 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412027_economic_modeling.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="1357142" />
		
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    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Measuring Poverty]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Many agree that the official measure of poverty in the United States is flawed. Experts have recommended an alternative measure of poverty that includes all family resources net of taxes and nondiscretionary expenses and updates the thresholds to reflect current spending patterns. This fact sheet describes the official poverty measure and an alternative measure developed by the National Academy of Sciences, and uses data from the 2006 American Community Survey to estimate the extent of poverty in Minnesota under the official and alternative measure.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=412028&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Laura Wheaton, Jamyang Tashi)</author>
        <pubDate>Fri, 19 Feb 2010 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412028_measuring_poverty.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="77554" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Will Health Care Costs Bankrupt Aging Boomers?]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Rising health care costs threaten boomers' retirement security. In 2040, half of adults age 65 and older will spend at least 19 percent of their incomes on health care, up from 10 percent in 2010, if costs grow at the intermediate rate projected by the Medicare trustees. About 7 in 10 older Americans in the bottom two-fifths of the income distribution will spend more than 20 percent of their incomes on health care in 2040. These projections underscore the importance of controlling health care costs and the need for boomers to plan for future health care spending.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=412026&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Richard W. Johnson, Corina Mommaerts)</author>
        <pubDate>Wed, 17 Feb 2010 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412026_health_care_costs.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="276995" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[The Impact of Automatic Enrollment on 401(k) Match Rates: A Methodological Note]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[How employers respond to automatic pension enrollment is important to the debate over how to increase retirement savings for all Americans. We recently completed a study showing that employers with autoenrollment have lower match rates than those without it, suggesting that employers may be trying to offset their higher costs. In contrast, the Employee Benefit Research Institute finds that employers with automatic enrollment have increased match rates since 2005. The two studies measure different concepts and use different time frames. A large sample of 401(k) plans reporting match rates before and after autoenrollment is needed to fully understand employer responses.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=412021&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Barbara Butrica, Mauricio Soto)</author>
        <pubDate>Wed, 03 Feb 2010 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412021_automatic_enrollment.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="18139" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[How Seniors Change Their Asset Holdings During Retirement]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[We use the Health and Retirement Study to investigate household assets at older ages. We find a notable increase in the net worth of older households between 1998 and 2006, with most of the growth due to housing. The age pattern of asset accumulation and decumulation varies considerably by income. High-income seniors increase assets at older ages. Middle-income seniors reduce assets in retirement, but at a rate that will not deplete assets within their expected life. Low-income seniors spend their financial assets at a rate that will mostly deplete them, leaving only Social Security and defined-benefit pensions at older ages.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=412006&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Karen E. Smith, Mauricio Soto, Rudolph G. Penner)</author>
        <pubDate>Tue, 19 Jan 2010 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412006_howseniorschange.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="442763" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Disability Just Before Retirement Often Leads to Poverty]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[A patchwork of public programs, including Social Security  Disability Insurance, workers compensation, Supplemental Security Income, and  veterans benefits, provides income supports to people with health problems who  are unable to work. Yet, many Americans who develop disabilities in their  fifties or early sixties fall into poverty. With millions of boomers entering  their sixtieswhen work disability rates peakits time to fix the social  insurance safety net for disabled workers.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=412009&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Richard W. Johnson, Melissa M. Favreault, Corina Mommaerts)</author>
        <pubDate>Fri, 15 Jan 2010 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412009_disability_retirement.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="51320" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Social Security Retirement Benefit Awards Hit All-Time High in 2009]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Record numbers of older men and women began collecting Social  Security benefits in 2009. New awards surged last year partly because the  age-62 population grew rapidly. More importantly, older Americans were much  more likely to claim Social Security in 2009 than recent previous years,  probably because many seniors were unable to find work. Social Security  benefits provide an important safety net for unemployed older adults, but early  claimants receive permanently reduced benefits, threatening their future  economic well-being.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=412010&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Richard W. Johnson, Corina Mommaerts)</author>
        <pubDate>Fri, 15 Jan 2010 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412010_retirement_benefit_awards.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="42093" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Older Adults' Labor Force Participation since 1993: A Decade and a Half of Growth]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Labor force participation rates have increased  sharply for older men and women over the past 16 years. Between 1993 and 2009, the  share of adults working or looking for work increased 39 percent for men and 66  percent for women. In 2009, adults age 55 and older made up nearly a fifth of  the nations labor force, the highest share since 1948 when these records  began. The growth in senior participation rates added 3.2 million adults age 62  and older to the nations workforce in 2009, compared with the number who would  have participated if rates remained at their 1993 levels.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=412011&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Richard W. Johnson, James Kaminski)</author>
        <pubDate>Fri, 15 Jan 2010 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412011_older_adults_labor_force.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="51920" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Data Appendix for Older Adults' Labor Force Participation since 1993: A Decade and a Half of Growth]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[This data appendix includes detailed tables on Americans employment and labor force participation by age,  sex, education, race, and ethnicity.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=412012&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Richard W. Johnson, James Kaminski)</author>
        <pubDate>Fri, 15 Jan 2010 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412012_data_appendix.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="42997" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[SSA/SIPP/IRS Synthetic Beta File : Analytic Evaluation]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[The paper provides an independent evaluation of the SIPP Synthetic Beta File.  This file, created by the Bureau of the Census, is intended to provide a public use database with similar statistical properties as the confidential Social Security Administration's earnings and benefit data linked to the SIPP.  There is much to praise in the Census work. Many univariate distributions were "spot on." Unweighted regression analyses had some problems and results for them were mixed. In policy simulation modeling there were many instances of differences between the Synthetic and actual data that would have led researchers to wrong conclusions.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=412005&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Karen E. Smith, Douglas A. Wissoker, Additional Authors)</author>
        <pubDate>Thu, 14 Jan 2010 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412005_syntheticbetafile.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="6776123" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Delaying Retirement an Additional Year Could Offset Stock Market Losses]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[The sharp decline in the stock market in 2008 placed the retirement security of many Americans at risk. Although the market has rebounded this year after bottoming out in March 2009, as of mid-October 2009 the S&P 500 Index remained 30 percent below its peak level two years earlier. This brief simulates the impact of the 2008 stock market crash on future retirement savings under alternative scenarios. The results show that by delaying retirement one additional year, many mid- and late-career workers could increase their income at age 67 enough to offset some or all of their stock market losses.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=412007&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Barbara Butrica, Karen E. Smith, Eric Toder)</author>
        <pubDate>Thu, 14 Jan 2010 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412007_delaying_retirement.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="49104" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Will Automatic Enrollment Reduce Employer Contributions to 401(k) Plans?]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Many employers match employee contributions to 401(k) plans. However, the employer cost of continuing this practice may increase rapidly as trends towards automatic enrollment boost employee participation. This paper examines the relationship between employer matching behavior and automatic enrollment. Using a sample of large 401(k) plans, we find that match rates are about 7 percentage points lower among firms with automatic enrollment than among those without automatic enrollment, even controlling for firm characteristics. So while autoenrollment increases the number of workers participating in private pensions, our findings suggest it might also reduce the level of pension contributions.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411995&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Mauricio Soto, Barbara Butrica)</author>
        <pubDate>Wed, 16 Dec 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411995_employer_contributions_paper.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="368806" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Does Autoenrollment Affect Employer Contributions?]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Automatic enrollment, a 401(k) feature that enrolls employees as soon as they become eligible, is growing in popularity because it has been shown to significantly increase pension participation rates. However, higher participation rates increase costs for employers that match employee contributions. This brief evaluates the extent to which firms adjust their 401(k) contributions to offset the higher costs associated with automatic enrollment. We find that employer match rates are 7 percentage points lower among firms with autoenrollment than among those without it, suggesting that automatic enrollment may not promote retirement savings as effectively as some advocates have claimed.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411996&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Barbara Butrica, Mauricio Soto)</author>
        <pubDate>Wed, 16 Dec 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411996_employer_contributions_brief.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="49059" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Transitioning In and Out of Poverty]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Slightly more than half of the U.S. population experiences poverty at some time before age 65. Roughly half of those who get out of poverty will become poor again within five years. Who is more likely to enter poverty? How long are people poor? And what events are associated with falling into and climbing out of poverty? This fact sheet summarizes key findings from the poverty dynamics literature to describe how, why, and when people move in and out of poverty.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411956&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Signe-Mary McKernan, Caroline Ratcliffe, Stephanie R. Cellini)</author>
        <pubDate>Thu, 10 Sep 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411956_transitioningpoverty.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="61423" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[How Is the Financial Crisis Affecting Retirement Savings? : August 2009, Update]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[The stock market lost 56 percent of its value between September 30, 2007, and March 9, 2009. These
losses reduced the retirement savings of American households. Recently, however, a good portion of
these losses has been reversed. Equities gained 53 percent between March 9, 2009 and August 31, 2009.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=901283&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Mauricio Soto)</author>
        <pubDate>Wed, 09 Sep 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/901283_retirement_savings_update.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="56041" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Are Health Care Costs a Burden for Older Americans?]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Although Medicare covers nearly all Americans age 65 and older, premiums, cost shares, and holes in the benefit package raise concerns about seniors' ability to pay for their health care. This brief, based on newly released data, shows that Medicare Part D, introduced in 2006 to cover prescription drugs, helped reduce out-of-pocket costs. The majority of older adults devoted less than one-eighth of their incomes to health care in 2006. However, nearly half of low-income seniors spent more than 20 percent of their 2006 incomes on health care. Medical costs for seniors should figure into the health-reform debate.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411924&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Richard W. Johnson, Corina Mommaerts)</author>
        <pubDate>Fri, 24 Jul 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411924_health_care_burden.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="111207" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Revitalizing Social Security: Effectively Targeting Benefit Enhancements for Low Lifetime Earners and the Oldest Old]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[I argue that Social Security benefits for long-term, low-wage workers are modest and need to be increased. There are many ways to bolster benefits for low-income retirees, each with strengths and weaknesses, so technical details of each proposal will determine its effectiveness. Any Social Security reform package will include multiple provisions that interact with one another.  Certain provisions to help low-earners may be more or less desirable depending on a package's other components.  Finally, some low-income older and disabled Americans are beyond Social Security's reach. To help them, Congress should consider expanding the Supplemental Security Income program.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=901268&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Melissa M. Favreault)</author>
        <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/901268_revitalizingsocialsecurity.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="98745" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[How Will the Stock Market Collapse Affect Retirement Incomes? : Older Americans' Economic Security No. 20]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Urban Institute projections suggest the stock market collapse will have small effects on most Americans' retirement incomes. It's estimated that 37 percent of Americans born between 1941 and 1965 owned no stocks when the market crashed in 2008 and that income from assets will account for a small share of retirement income, even for those with stocks. For most retirees, Social Security provides the majority of income. Had Social Security been invested in private accounts with equities, the impact of the crash would have been much largerpositive or negative, depending on one's birth cohort and on future market performance.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411914&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Barbara Butrica, Karen E. Smith, Eric Toder)</author>
        <pubDate>Wed, 24 Jun 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411914_retirement_incomes.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="61117" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Five Questions For Sharon K. Long]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Urban Institute researcher Sharon Long answers five questions about Massachusetts's landmark health reform experiment, which aims for near-universal coverage and improved access to affordable health care. In 2006, lawmakers passed a bill that required most adults to get health insurance, expanded Medicaid, provided subsidies for lower-income adults, created a health insurance exchange where residents can buy plans easily, and required employers to offer coverage or pay a fee. Early success has made the state a model for nationwide reform.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=901259&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Sharon K. Long)</author>
        <pubDate>Mon, 15 Jun 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Extending the EITC to Noncustodial Parents:  Potential Impacts and Design Considerations]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[This paper examines the noncustodial parent earned income tax credit (NCP EITC), a new type of credit recently enacted in New York and Washington, D.C. and proposed by Senator Bayh and then-Senator Obama in 2007. The NCP EITC offers an earned income tax credit to low-income noncustodial parents who work and pay their full child support. This paper describes the rationale for this policy and provides national estimates of the benefits and costs of an NCP EITC under three alternative policy scenarios. It also discusses several key design and implementation issues.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411906&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Laura Wheaton, Elaine Sorensen)</author>
        <pubDate>Fri, 12 Jun 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411906_noncustodial_parents.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="153581" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[A Detailed Picture of Intergenerational Transmission of Human Capital]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, we consider how parental education relates to four outcomes in the children's generation: education, lifetime earnings, health, and wealth. By focusing on parents' and children's ranks, we characterize relative mobility in terms of distributions of outcomes and can see patterns that even a relatively disaggregated analysis, like a quintile-based transition matrix, can obscure. Our results show relatively high intergenerational mobility except at extremes, where very low-ranked parents are much more likely to have very low-ranked children and very high-ranked parents are much more likely to have very high-ranked children.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411889&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Austin Nichols, Melissa M. Favreault)</author>
        <pubDate>Fri, 22 May 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411889_intergenerational_transmission.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="371309" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Disabilities Among TANF Recipients: Evidence from the NHIS]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[This project uses data from the 2005/2006 National Health Interview Survey to provide a profile of the prevalence of different types of disability and employment among TANF recipients. We find that prevalence of disability varies widely depending on the specific measure used. Using narrow and broad composite disability measures, anywhere from 10 to 40 percent of TANF recipients have a disability and almost one-fifth have a family member with a disability. Disability prevalence among Food Stamp recipients is similar to TANF but low-income mothers have lower prevalence on almost all measures.  Employment among TANF recipients with disabilities is considerably lower than among recipients without disabilities.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411883&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Pamela J. Loprest, Elaine Maag)</author>
        <pubDate>Thu, 14 May 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411883_disabilitiesamongtanf.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="142200" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[How Is the Financial Crisis Affecting Retirement Savings? : May 2009, Update]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[The stock market gained 35 percent between March 9, 2009 and May 5, 2009. For those who held on to their equities, these gains reversed some of the massive losses experienced since September 2007. This fact sheet examines the impact of the ongoing economic turmoil on older households and presents estimates of the retirement account losses to date.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411880&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Mauricio Soto)</author>
        <pubDate>Thu, 14 May 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411880_retirement_savings.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="55186" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[What the 2008 Stock Market Crash Means for Retirement Security]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[The one-third drop in the S&P 500 index between year-end 2007 and 2008 raises concerns about
retirement security since Americans now hold more equities through their retirement plans.
Those near retirement will fare the worst because they have no time to recoup their losses. Midcareer
workers will fare better because they have more time to rebuild their wealth. They may
even gain income if they buy stocks at low prices and get above-average rates of return. High-income
groups will be the most affected because they are most likely to have financial assets and
to be invested in the stock market.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411876&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Barbara Butrica, Karen E. Smith, Eric Toder)</author>
        <pubDate>Wed, 13 May 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411876_2008stockmarketcrash.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="353177" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Securing Social Security: Lessons for the Next Debate]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[This commentary suggests ways of making the upcoming debate on Social Security reform more productive than some past efforts. Participants must be open to a range of solutions, financing must be transparent, and effects on disabled workers must be addressed.  Reform efforts must acknowledge the changing economic environment, including increasing wage inequality, and shifting individual and family demographics. Guaranteed inflation-protected benefits are crucial, and the sacrifices necessary to balance the system should be shared across generations.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=901251&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Melissa M. Favreault)</author>
        <pubDate>Fri, 08 May 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/901251_securingsocialsec.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="23516" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[Rising Tides and Retirement: The Aggregate and Distributional Effects of Differential Wage Growth on Social Security]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Recent growth in wage inequality has important implications for Social Security solvency and benefit distributions. Because only earnings below the taxable maximum are subject to payroll taxes, concentrated wage growth among higher earners generates less revenue than more evenly distributed growth.  Social Security's progressive benefit formula increases benefit payouts when shares of workers with low wages grow. We use a dynamic microsimulation model to examine aggregate and distributional consequences of alternative scenarios about future wage growth.  We find that relatively modest changes in assumptions about wage differentials generate marked changes in projected Social Security benefits, poverty, and long-term financing status.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411872&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Melissa M. Favreault)</author>
        <pubDate>Thu, 16 Apr 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411872_risingtidesandretirement.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="189856" />
		
    </item>


    <item>
	<title><![CDATA[The Impact of Changing Earnings Volatility on Retirement Wealth]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[Over the past several decades, the volatility of family income has increased markedly, and own earnings volatility has remained relatively flat. Volatility may affect retirement wealth, depending on whether volatility affects accrued pension contributions or withdrawals or earnings credited toward future Social Security benefits. This project assesses the effect of the volatility of individual and family earnings on asset accumulation and projected retirement wealth using survey data matched to administrative earnings records.]]></description>
	<link>http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?id=411873&amp;RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml</link>
		<author>paffairs@urban.org ( Austin Nichols, Melissa M. Favreault)</author>
        <pubDate>Thu, 16 Apr 2009 00:00:00 EST</pubDate>
		
		<enclosure url="http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411873_impactofchangingearnings.pdf?RSSFeed=UI_IncomeandBenefitsPolicy.xml" type="application/pdf" length="454126" />
		
    </item>

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