The Urban Institute 2006 Annual Report | How the Policy Environment Has Changed

	1968*	2006
U.S. population	200,706,052	299,398,484
Minimum wage in 2006 dollars	$9.15	$5.15
Dow Jones Industrial Average	944 (Dec 31)	12,463 (Dec 31)
% of families headed by female with no husband present	11	18
% of women age 25–54 in paid jobs	46	73
% of federal spending (discretionary vs. mandatory)	66 vs. 34	38 vs. 62
% of employed labor force age 25 and older with a college degree	14 (1970)	34
Average SAT score of entering college classes	math 533	math 518
	verbal 541	verbal 503
GDP per capita (2006 dollars)	$20,387	$44,268
National health expenditures as share of GDP	6.1%	16.5% (estimated)
Urban % of total population	70	83
% of voting-age citizen population who voted in presidential election	64	62 (2004)
Violent crimes per 100,000 people	298	482
Share of total household income received by
poorest fifth	4.2%	3.4%
richest fifth	42.8%	50.4%
Foreign-born population	9.7 million (1970)	35.8 million (2005)
% of U.S. population that is foreign born	4.8 (1970)	12.4 (2005)

*Year Urban Institute founded